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1Á¶:
1. Detail the Na+ channel molecules:
1) structure
2) channel currents
3) ion selectivity
4) channel blockers
2. Action potential(AP)ÀÇ shapeÀÌ excitable cellÀÇ Á¾·ù¿¡ µû¶ó Â÷À̰¡ ÀÖ´Ù.
Na °ú K ä³Î Áß ¾î´À°ÍÀÌ APÀÇ shape¿¡ Áß¿äÇÑ ¿µÇâÀ» ¹ÌÄ¡´Â°¡? ±× ÀÌÀ¯´Â ¹«¾ùÀΰ¡?
3. Describe the difference in ion-specificity between transmitter-gated channel and voltage-gated channel.
4. Tabes dorsalis¿¡ ÀÇÇØ ³ªÅ¸³ª´Â deficitÀº ¹«¾ùÀÌ¸ç ¿Ö ±×·±°¡?
5. ¾î¶² ȯÀÚ°¡ ±³Åë»ç°í¸¦ ´çÇØ Brachial plexus avulsion (BPA)ÀÌ ÀϾ´Ù.
¾Æ·¡ÀÇ »çÇ׿¡ ´ëÇØ ±â¼úÇϽÿÀ.
1) BPA°¡ ÀÏ¾î³ ¿øÀÎ
2) ÅëÁõÀÇ Á¾·ù
3) BPA½Ã ôÃßÀÇ ½Å°æ¼¼Æ÷ÀÇ »óÅÂ
4) Ä¡·á¹æ¹ý
6. A psychometric function may shift either left or right. What are the two parameters which determine the shift?
7. ±¸½É¼º ü°¨°¢ Á¤º¸Àü´ÞÀº ¿ø½É¼º ¾ïÁ¦ (centrifugal inhibition)¸¦ ¹Þ´Â´Ù. ±× ±â´ÉÀº?
8. Describe the three main types of peripheral proprioceptors.
9. Glial cellÀÇ ÁÖ¿ä±â´ÉÀº?
10. Excitation ¶Ç´Â inhibitionÁß ¾î´À°ÍÀÌ ÀϾ´Â °¡´Â neurotransmitter ÀÚü¿¡ ÀÇÇØ °áÁ¤µÇÁö ¾Ê°í receptorÀÇ ion-channel
Ư¼º¿¡ ÀÇÁ¸ÇÑ´Ù. ±× ¿¹¸¦ µé¶ó.
11. 2Á¶¿Í °°ÀÌ ´ÙÀ½ÀÇ È¨ÆäÀÌÁö¸¦ Á¦ÀÛÇÑ´Ù.
±¹¹ÎÇлýµéÀÌ ³ú(µÎ³ú)¿¡ ´ëÇØ ½º½º·Î °øºÎÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â ±¹¹ÎÇлý ¿ë ½Å°æ°úÇРȨÆäÀÌÁö
12. Excitability changes in C fibers of rat sciatic nerve following impulse activity¶ó´Â Á¦¸ñÀÇ ³í¹®ÀÌ 1991³â¿¡
Hyung-Cheul Shin and S.A. Raymond¿¡ ÀÇÇØ Neuroscience Letters ¶ó´Â ÀâÁöÀÇ º¼·ý 129È£ ÆäÀÌÁö 242-246¿¡ °ÔÀçµÇ¾ú´Ù.
º» ³í¹®À» ÀÏ°í ³»¿ëÀ» Á¤¸®ÇÏ°í ´Ù¸¥ »ç¶÷µéÀÌ ÀÌÇØ ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖµµ·Ï hyper-link ÀÛ¾÷À» ÇÑ È¨ÆäÀÌÁö¸¦ Á¦ÀÛÇ϶ó.
2Á¶
1. How does the action potenital propagate in one direction?
2. Chemical receptors use two major molecular mechanisms to gate ion channels. Describe the two mechanisms.
3. Explain in detail the two neural coding methods for stimulus intesity.
4. Ventroposterolateral (VPL) thalamusÀÇ afferent¿Í efferent connection, ±×¸®°í VPL neuronÀÇ ¼ºÁú¿¡ ´ëÇØ ¾²½Ã¿À.
5. Psychophysics of thermoreception: ¾Æ·¡ »çÇ׿¡ ´ëÇØ ±â¼úÇϽÿÀ.
1) Static temperature sensation: neutral zone, heat nociception,
cold nociceptionÀ» ´À³¢´Â ¿Âµµ ¹üÀ§´Â?
2) Dynamic temperature sensation: °áÁ¤¿äÀÎ 3°¡Áö´Â?
3) cold, warm termoreceptorÀÇ Â÷ÀÌÁ¡Àº?
6. Design an experiment to prove the "law of specific sensory energy".
7. ¾î¶² ȯÀÚÀÇ Ventrobasal (VB) complex¿¡ microelectrode¸¦ »ðÀÔÇØ¼ ÇÑ ½Å°æ¼¼Æ÷ÀÇ È°µ¿À»
Á¶»çÇϰí ÀÖ´Ù. ÀÌ ½Å°æ¼¼Æ÷ÀÇ °¨°¢ ¼ö¿ëÀå (receptive field)Àº ¹Ý´ëÆí ¾öÁö¼Õ°¡¶ô ³¡ ºÎºÐÀÓÀ» ¾Ë
¼ö ÀÖ¾ú´Ù. ÀÌ ½Å°æ¼¼Æ÷°¡ ¼Ò¼ÓµÇ¾î ÀÖ´Â ½Å°æÇÙÀÇ À̸§°ú brainstemÀÇ ¾î´À ½Å°æÇÙÀ» °ÅÃÄ Á¤º¸
°¡ Àü´Þ µÇ´Â°¡?
8. The somatosensory cortex is organized in functional units, the cortical columns.
Provide experimental evidences to prove this is true.
9. gCa°¡ gNa¸¦ ´É°¡ÇÏ´Â ½Å°æ¼¼Æ÷ÀÇ ºÎºÐÀº?
10. NMDA receptor´Â resting½Ã ¾î¶² ion¿¡ ÀÇÇØ blockµÇ¾î Àִ°¡?
11. 1Á¶¿Í °°ÀÌ ´ÙÀ½ÀÇ È¨ÆäÀÌÁö¸¦ Á¦ÀÛÇÑ´Ù.
±¹¹ÎÇлýµéÀÌ ³ú(µÎ³ú)¿¡ ´ëÇØ ½º½º·Î °øºÎÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â ±¹¹ÎÇлý ¿ë ½Å°æ°úÇРȨÆäÀÌÁö
12. 1995³â¿¡ NeuroReport¶ó´Â ÀâÁöÀÇ 7È£ 33-36 ÆäÀÌÁö¿¡ ½Ç¸° ³í¹®ÀÇ È¨ÆäÀÌÁö¸¦ 1Á¶¿¡¼ Áö½ÃÇÑ ¹Ù¿Í °°ÀÌ ÀÛ¼ºÇ϶ó.
3Á¶
1. Describe the changes of gNa and gK during the action potential.
2. What are the factors limiting the duration of transmitter action?
3. Describe the neural coding methods for stimulus duration.
4. Somatotopic representationÀ» °áÁ¤ÇÏ´Â 4°¡Áö ¹æ¹ý¿¡ ´ëÇØ ¾²½Ã¿À.
5. 4 basic dimensions of sensation?
6. Adaptation rates are different among various sensors.
Describe major ion channels which are responsible for the different adaptation rate?
7. Secondary somatosensory (SII) cortexÀÇ À§Ä¡´Â ¾îµðÀÌ¸ç ±× ÁÖµÈ input°ú outputÀº?
8. Velosity sensorÀÇ ´ëÇ¥ÀûÀÎ ¿¹´Â?
9. Conduction velocity¸¦ °áÁ¤ÇÏ´Â ¿äÀεéÀº?
10. Merkel receptor´Â ¾î¶² Àڱؿ¡ ¹Î°¨ÇÏ°Ô ¹ÝÀÀÇÏ¸ç ±× adaptationÀÇ Æ¯Â¡Àº?
11. 4Á¶¿Í °°ÀÌ ´ÙÀ½ÀÇ È¨ÆäÀÌÁö¸¦ Á¦ÀÛÇÑ´Ù.
ÁßÇлýµéÀÌ ³ú(µÎ³ú)¿¡ ´ëÇØ ½º½º·Î °øºÎÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â ÁßÇлý ¿ë ½Å°æ°úÇРȨÆäÀÌÁö
12. 1995³â¿¡ NeuroReport¶ó´Â ÀâÁöÀÇ 6È£ 1018-1029 ÆäÀÌÁö¿¡ ½Ç¸° ³í¹®ÀÇ È¨ÆäÀÌÁö¸¦ 1Á¶¿¡¼ Áö½ÃÇÑ ¹Ù¿Í °°ÀÌ ÀÛ¼ºÇ϶ó.
4Á¶
1. Different parts of a neuron do not have similar membrane excitability(threshold).
(heterogenous membrane excitability)
1) Why?
2) Any functions in information processing?
2. Synapses onto a single central neuron are grouped according to function. Tell us the full story.
3. Explain 2 major functions of the sensory physiological receptor (sensor).
4. SI cortexÀÇ lesion:
1) SI cortex Àüü¸¦ Á¦°ÅÇßÀ» ¶§ ³ªÅ¸³ª´Â deficitµéÀº ¹«¾ùµéÀΰ¡?
2) Broadman area 1, 2, 3b¸¦ °¢±â ¼±º°ÀûÀ¸·Î lesion ÇÒ¶§ ³ªÅ¸³ª´Â deficitµéÀº?
5. labeled line code¿Í pattern codeÀÇ Â÷ÀÌÁ¡Àº?
6. ¾î´À ȯÀÚ°¡ large-fiber neuropathy·Î ÆÇ¸íµÇ¾ú´Ù. Áõ¼¼¿Í ¿øÀÎÀº ¹«¾ùÀ̰¡?
7. Name a typical sensor which mainly uses the pattern code to process information about peripheral stimuli.
8. VPMÀÇ ½Å°æ¼¼Æ÷¿¡ centrifugal inhibitionÀÌ ÀϾ´Â Áõ°Å¸¦ receptive field ¸é¿¡¼ Á¦½ÃÇϽÿÀ.
9. Compound action potentialÀ̶õ ¹«¾ùÀΰ¡?
10. CNSÀÇ sensory systemÀº Å©°Ô specific, nonspecific pathway·Î µÇ¾îÀÖ´Ù.Áß¿äÇÑ Â÷ÀÌÁ¡Àº?
11.32Á¶¿Í °°ÀÌ ´ÙÀ½ÀÇ È¨ÆäÀÌÁö¸¦ Á¦ÀÛÇÑ´Ù.
ÁßÇлýµéÀÌ ³ú(µÎ³ú)¿¡ ´ëÇØ ½º½º·Î °øºÎÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â ÁßÇлý ¿ë ½Å°æ°úÇРȨÆäÀÌÁö
12. 1. Neuroscience Letters V. 201: 255-258 (1995): Interleukin-1 beta facilitates afferent sensory transmission in the primary
somatosensory cortex. º» ³í¹®ÀÇ È¨ÆäÀÌÁö¸¦ 1Á¶¿¡¼ Áö½ÃÇÑ ¹Ù¿Í °°ÀÌ ÀÛ¼ºÇ϶ó.
*Synaptic delay
*Interactions among three states of the sodium channel
*Proprioception
*Conduction velocity
5Á¶
1. How does previous action potenial influence the generation of next coming action potential? (axonal memory)
2. Transmitter is released in quantal units. Provide an experimental evidence.
3. Perceptual threshold is not absolute, but relative.
1) Why is it relative?
2) How do you determine the threshold?
3) Explain the "psychometric function".
4) Detail the "signal detection theory".
4. Group III (A-delta) ¿Í Group IV (C) fibers¿¡ ÀÇÇØ noxious signalÀÌ periphery¿¡¼ Àüµµ°¡ µÈ´Ù.
¾Æ·¡ÀÇ Á¡µé¿¡ ´ëÇØ ºñ±³ ±â¼úÇϽÿÀ.
1) conduction velocity
2) quality(type) of nociception
3) sensitivity of the conduction block
5. psychometric functionÀº ¹«¾ùÀΰ¡?
6. Skin¿¡ ¼öÁ÷À¸·Î °¡ÇØÁö´Â Àڱؿ¡ ¹Î°¨ÇÑ mechanosensorÀÇ À̸§Àº?
7. ¸éµµ³ª ÈÀåÀ» ÇÒ ¶§ ƯÁ¤ ¹æÇâÀ¸·Î ÇǺθ¦ stretching ½ÃŲ´Ù. À̶§ °¡Àå ¹Î°¨ÇÏ°Ô ¹ÝÀÀÇÏ´Â sensor´Â?
8. ü°¨°¢°è¿¡¼ serial information processingÀÌ ÀϾٰí Çϴµ¥ response latency
¸é¿¡¼ ½ÇÇèÀû Áõ°Å¸¦ Á¦½ÃÇϽÿÀ.
9. Voltage clamp ½ÇÇèÀ» spinal cordÀÇ motor neuron¿¡¼ ¼öÇàÇÑ´Ù.
¸·À» Á¡Â÷ hyperpolarizing ½Ãų ¶§ ¾à -82 mV¿¡¼ IPSP°¡ reverseµÇ¾ú´Ù.
ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ reversal potentialÀº ¾î¶² ionµéÀÇ concentration gradient¿¡ ÀÇÇØ ¿µÇ⠹޴°¡?
10. Weber's Law¶õ?
11. 6Á¶¿Í °°ÀÌ ´ÙÀ½ÀÇ È¨ÆäÀÌÁö¸¦ Á¦ÀÛÇÑ´Ù.
°íµîÇлýµéÀÌ ³ú(µÎ³ú)¿¡ ´ëÇØ ½º½º·Î °øºÎÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â °íµîÇлý ¿ë ½Å°æ°úÇРȨÆäÀÌÁö
12. Neuroscience Letters V. 174: 14-16 (1994): Potentiation by capsaicin of lidocaine's tonic impulse block in isolated rat sciatic
nerve. º» ³í¹®ÀÇ È¨ÆäÀÌÁö¸¦ 1Á¶¿¡¼ Áö½ÃÇÑ ¹Ù¿Í °°ÀÌ ÀÛ¼ºÇ϶ó.
6Á¶
1. Describe the interactions among three states of the sodium channel.
2. Synaptic delay is at least 0.3 ms, usually 1-5 ms or longer. Why is there delay?
3. Proprioception:
1) What are the two submodalities of the proprioception?
2) What are the three major functions of the proprioception?
3) What are the three main types of peripheral proprioceptors?
4) Describe the ascending pathway of the proprioceptive information from the legs to the cortex.
4. Spinothalamic tract¿¡ ´ëÇØ ¾Æ·¡ Á¡µé°ú °ü·Ã½ÃÄÑ ±â¼úÇϽÿÀ.
1) spinal cord¿¡¼ÀÇ layeral origin
2) cell types
3) spinal cord³»¿¡¼ ascending fiberÀÇ À§Ä¡
4) lesionÀÇ ¿µÇâ
5. Generator potential is transformed into trains of action potential.
Where do you think this process occurs in the myelinated, afferent nerve fiber?
6. brainstem reticular formationÀÇ neuronal property´Â?
7. Warm sensorÀÇ fiber Á¾·ù ¹× discharge frequency°¡ Áõ°¡ÇÏ´Â ¿Âµµ ¹üÀ§´Â?
8. ¾öÁö ¼Õ°¡¶ôÀÌ Àý´ÜµÈ »ç¶÷ÀÇ SI cortex¿¡ ÀÖ´Â somatotopyÀÇ º¯È´Â?
9. CNS¿¡¼ ´ë¤½ÀûÀÎ excitatory neurotransmitter´Â ¹«¾ùÀΰ¡?
10. FechnerÀÇ Psychophysical RelationÀ̶õ?
11. 5Á¶¿Í °°ÀÌ ´ÙÀ½ÀÇ È¨ÆäÀÌÁö¸¦ Á¦ÀÛÇÑ´Ù.
°íµîÇлýµéÀÌ ³ú(µÎ³ú)¿¡ ´ëÇØ ½º½º·Î °øºÎÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â °íµîÇлý ¿ë ½Å°æ°úÇРȨÆäÀÌÁö
12. Peptides V. 16: 1018-1020 (1995): Bombesin-induced changes of sensory transmission in the dorsal column nuclei. º» ³í¹®ÀÇ
ȨÆäÀÌÁö¸¦ 1Á¶¿¡¼ Áö½ÃÇÑ ¹Ù¿Í °°ÀÌ ÀÛ¼ºÇ϶ó.
Feedback inhibition
Learning & memory